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INTRODUCTION

Karma Lekshe Tsomo

Since 1987, an international coalition of women has been working at the grassroots level for change, both in society and in Buddhist institutions. At the end of the First International Conference on Buddhist Women, held outdoors under a tent in Bodhgaya, the participants founded Sakyadhita, “Daughters of the Buddha,” the International Association of Buddhist Women. This coalition has become a powerful movement that stretches around the globe, across boundaries of gender, ethnicity, class, and religious tradition. In theory, at least, both feminist values and Buddhist values apply equally to women of all cultural, economic, social, and religious backgrounds. The global women’s movement is an ideal staging ground for testing this hypothesis.

The globalization of Buddhism is multidirectional and multivalent. The current transmission of Buddhism to the west is not simply the importation of Buddhism to non-Asian countries, nor simply a two-way street, but a multi-directional intersection of ideas and practices. It would be a gross oversimplification to say that the exchange is completely balanced and egalitarian, however, since feelings of cultural superiority are apparent on all sides. In the Buddhist centers of Asia, there is a sense that they have “got it right,” whereas Western Buddhists are neophytes admirably struggling to understand the tradition, but hobbled by a lack of commitment, discipline, and good manners. In the Buddhist centers of non-Asian nations, there is also a sense that they have “got it right,” whereas Asian Buddhist centers have mixed Buddhism with spiritualism, ritual, and magic (“cultural baggage”), or degenerated into merit-making. Asian Buddhists base their claims of authenticity on tradition, whereas Western Buddhists base their claims on sanitized twentieth-century reinterpretations of tradition. In fact, both approaches are equally reconstructions of earlier forms of Buddhism that can never be completely known and both are equally dynamic processes of continual, ongoing reinterpretation.

What Sakyadhita has tried to do is bring Asian and Western women together to learn about each other’s traditions and experiences, and to create opportunities where women, especially Asian Buddhist women, can speak in their own voices, tell their own stories, and reflect on their own experiences Thus far, most of Sakyadhita’s activities have taken place in Asia. I believe that this focus on Asia is justified for two reasons. First, among an estimated 300 million Buddhist women worldwide, approximately 99 percent are Asian and, over the past 2500 years of history, Asian Buddhist women’s experiences have rarely been heard Second, Asia is where the needs of Buddhist women are greatest. For these reasons, Sakyadhita has increasingly become concerned with social justice issues, in addition to providing encouragement and support for women’s education, training, and ordination.

Contents

Message

His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Karma Lekshe Tsomo

UNDERSTANDING BUDDHIST WOMEN AROUND THE WORLD

Thus Have I Heard: The Emerging Female Voice in Buddhism

Tenzin Palmo

Sakyadhita: Empowering the Daughters of the Buddha

TheaMohr

Buddhist Women of Bhutan

Tenzin Dadon (Sonam Wangmo)

Buddhist Laywomen of Nepal

Nivedita Kumari Mishra

Himalayan Buddhist Nuns

Pacha Lobzang Chhodon

Great Women Practitioners of Buddhadharma: Inspiration in Modem Times

Sherab Sangmo

Buddhist Nuns of Vietnam

Thich Nu Dien Van Hue

A Survey of the BhikkhunT Sarigha in Vietnam

Thich Nu Dong Anh (Nguyen Thi Kim Loan)

Nuns of the Mendicant Tradition in Vietnam

Thich Nu Tri Lien (Nguyen Thi Tuyet)

UNDERSTANDING BUDDHIST WOMEN OF TAIWAN

Buddhist Women in Taiwan

Chuandao Shih

A Perspective on Buddhist Women in Taiwan

Yikong Shi 

The Inspiration of Ven Shig Hiu Wan

Xiuci Shi

Buddhism and Soft Power

Xiulian Annette Lu

The Development of the Bhiksuni Order

Tzu Jung Shih

The Future of Buddhism in Taiwan: The Perspective of a Senior Female Volunteer

Rong-Zhi Lin

Miaoqing and Yuantong Chan Nunnery: A New Beginning for Monastic Women in Taiwan

Stefania Travagnin

Religiosity and Leadership Among Taiwanese Buddhist Nuns

Yuchen Li

BRIDGING THE GENDER GAP, TRANSFORMING INSTITUTIONS

The Nature and Status of Women in the Teachings of the Buddha

Thich Nu Minh Hue (Hong Nga)

Sexuality in Theravada Buddhism: Wives, Widows, and Divorcees

Hema Goonatilake

New Beginnings: The Bhikkhuni Movement in Contemporary Thailand

Tomomi Ito

From Anonymity to Self-Reinvention: Korean Buddhist Nuns in the Twentieth Century

Eunsu Cho

Guanyin’s Gender Transformation in Medieval Japanese Buddhism: Bridging Sexuality and Motherhood

Mariko Namba Walter

BRIDGING THE WORLD’S RELIGIONS

Love in Any Language

Malta Dominica Wong 

Building Bridges: A Muslim Woman’s Perspective

Hawwa Morales Soto

Bridging the Gap with Interreligious Dialogue

Karuna Dharma

Bridging World Religions from Within: On Being a Buddhist Christian Woman

Maria Reis Habito

BRIDGING THE BUDDHIST TRADITIONS

Comparing the First Buddhist Women in Early Chinese and Ancient Indian Buddhism Sukdham Sunim (Inyoung Chung)

Forging Friendships: Three Traditions of Vietnamese Buddhism

Thich Nu Lieu Phap (Duong Thi Thanh Huong) 

Sexuality, Discipline and Ethics

Elisa Nesossi 

BRIDGING THE VINAYA TRADITIONS

Almost Equal: Obstacles on the Way to an International Bhiksuni Sarigha

Karma Lekshe Tsomo

The Application of Feminist Theory to the Spiritual Practice of Buddhist Nuns: the Case of the Eight Special Rules

Wei-Yi Cheng

Tracing the Roots of the Bhiksuni Tradition

Roseanne Freese

Lineage and Transmission: Integrating the Chinese and Tibetan Orders of Buddhist Nuns Heng-Ching Shih

Precepts at Ensholi: The Rules of a Seventeenth-Century Japanese

Amadera Gina Cogan

BRIDGING GENERATIONS

Elder Care Programs Unifying Generations The Case of Ilsan Elder Welfare Center in Korea

Neungin Sunim

Reaching All Generations: Buddhist Outreach in Taiwan

Elise Anne DeVido

Betwixt and Between Communicating the Dharma Across Generations

Renlang Shih

Bridging Contemplation and Social Activism

Bhikkhuni Molini

BRIDGING VALUE SYSTEMS: ANCIENT & MODERN

Maintaining Inner Peace

Bhikkhuni Dhammananda (Chalsumam Kabilsingh)

Bridging Ancient & Modem Value Systems in Nepal

Bhikkhuni Dhammavijaya

A Plum Tree in the Pure Land

Yi-hsun Huang

Overcoming Tradition: Reconstructing and Transforming the Role of Korean Buddhist Nuns through Education

Bongak Sunim

Transforming Instead of Slaying the ‘Red Dragon’

Yeshe Chokyi Lhamo

From Family to Vihar to Temple: The Bond Between Buddhist Laywomen and Nuns

Chang-Huey Yang and Chang-Yi Chang

List of Contributors

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