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THE BUDDHIST REVIVAL IN CHINA

Holmes Welch

with  a section of photographs  by HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1968

© Copyright 1968 by the President and Fellows of Harvard Collect All rights reserved

Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-15645 Printed in the United States of America

Preface

This is the second in a series of three volumes on Buddhism in modern China. Whereas the first dealt with its system and institutions, this deals with its history, focusing on its rapid evolution in the three decades prior to the Communist victory of 1949. The third volume will take up what has happened (both institutionally and historically) under the Communist regime.

One problem in producing a series is how much to repeat. Should each volume be independent? Or may the author refer to explanations he has given earlier? As might be expected, I have chosen a middle course. Whatever is essential for under­standing has, I hope, been included between these covers; but the reader will often be referred to my Practice of Chinese Buddhism(Harvard University Press, 1967) for amplification and incidental intelligence. Although the preface of the latter serves the present volume as well, two points bear repetition. First, the following account of the Buddhist revival in China focuses on men, organizations, and events, and deals only inci­dentally with doctrinal developments and intellectual history. Second, it is not exhaustive. It would have taken more time than was available to me (another two or three years) to complete the exploitation of even the basic source materials—hence the refrain in the notes that “more investigation is needed.” It may also be worth noting that, whereas about a third of the data in the preceding volume came exclusively from interviews, the proportion is somewhat less in the pages that follow; and a larger proportion of such interview data comes from single informants rather than from the collation of interviews with, several.

For active assistance in gathering material, reading parts of the manuscript, and suggesting improvements I want to thank Robert N. Bellah, Martin Bernal, Paul A. Cohen, Winston Hsieh, P. Y. Hsing, Sidney Liu, Shigeni Matsumoto, Masatoshi Naga- tomi, David Hoy, Vincent C. T. Shui, Ernest Young, Mrs. John Quirk, and Mrs. Noriko Tamada. Mrs. John Mitchell read over the whole manuscript, as she had its predecessor, without being thanked until now. I am particularly indebted to Mr. Zunvair Yue (Yu Ching-yu), who went over each page with expert care and found many errors. The generosity of the Reverend Henry P. King made it possible to include the photographic essay by Henri Cartier-Bresson.

Although during most of the preparation of this volume I was on the staff of the East Asian Research Center at Harvard Uni­versity, some of the material had been collected during the three previous years, when I was receiving a grant from the Joint Committee on Contemporary China. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to both institutions.

I owe the greatest debt to the Chinese Buddhist monks and laymen whose kindness to a stranger and whose patience in answering his questions have well exemplified the bodhisattva path they follow.

Mrs. S. C. Chiu has once again proved herself the best typist in the Far East, while my wife is still my favorite editor.

Holmes Welch

Concord, Massachusetts October 1967

          Contents

I              THE BEGINNINGS

OF THE REVIVAL

YANG WEN-HUI • MODERN EDUCATION FOR MONKS • REVOLUTIONARY MONKS

II            THE STRUGGLE FOR

NATIONAL LEADERSHIP

THE INVASION OF CHIN SHAN • RIVAL BUDDHIST ASSOCIA­TIONS • THE CHINESE BUDDHIST ASSOCIATION (SHANGHAI,

1929)

III          T’AI-HSÜ

WORLD ORGANIZATIONS * DOMESTIC ORGANIZATIONS * t’aI-HSÜ AND SCIENCE ' TAI-HSÜ’S METHODS

IV          THE LAY BUDDHIST

MOVEMENT

TYPES OF LAY SOCIETIES * THE RIGHT FAITH SOCIETY •

THE GROWING ROLE OF THE LAITY

V            BUILDING AND PUBLISHING

RESTORATION * NEW MONASTERIES ' PUBLISHING

VI          BUDDHIST EDUCATION

TRADITIONAL EDUCATION * SEMINARIES: KUAN-TSUNG • t’aI-HSÜ’s SEMINARIES ■ THE t’iEN-NING SEMINARY *

THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION • THE METAPHYSICAL INSTITUTE

VII        SOCIAL ACTION BY

THE SANGHA

THE LUNG-CH’ÜAN ORPHANAGE • OTHER WELFARE ACTIVI­TIES • THE SANGHA’S APPROACH TO SOCIAL WELFARE

VIII   SANGHA AND STATE    

REPUBLICAN LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT • THE LAW VERSUS THE ENEMIES OF BUDDHISM • FRIENDS IN HIGH PLACES • MONKS IN POLITICS

IX       FOREIGN CONTACTS    

CONTACTS WITH JAPAN • CONTACTS WITH TIBET • CON­TACTS WITH THERAVADA BUDDHISTS • CONTACTS WITH CHRISTIANS • CHRISTIAN CONVERTS TO BUDDHISM* CON»- TACTS WITH CHINESE OVERSEAS

X         SECTS AND DISSENSION        

THE ESOTERIC SCHOOL • THE ANTISECTARIAN TREND *

REGIONAL LOYALTIES • DIVISIVE  ISSUES

XI       CHRISTIAN STEREOTYPES AND BUDDHIST REALITIES

BUDDHIST REALITIES ’ THE GROWTH IN UNDERSTANDING ’ DISTORTING FACTORS ’ REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

XII     THE MEANING OF THE REVIVAL     

WAS  IT A REVIVAL?

POSTSCRIPT        

APPENDICES

1.                     Buddhist Periodicals

2.                     Buddhist 'Seminaries

3.                     Monastic Population Figures

4.                     Regional Decay

NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY              

GLOSSARY INDEX

          Illustrations

A BUDDHIST FESTIVAL,

Photographed by

HENRI CARTIER-BRESSON

following page

XIII   Yang Wen-hui. Photo Buwei Y. Chao.               

XIV    The Ch'ung-en Pagoda, 1900. Photo Essex Institute, Salem

Massachusetts.     

XV      The Ch’ung-en Pagoda, 1930’s. Photo D. Engel.              

XVI    The Monastery at Chin Shan.             

XVII  Eight Fingers.      

XVIII            Li Tzu-k'uan. Photo author’s collection.           

XIX    T*ai-hsu. Photo European Picture Service.      

XX      Tai-hsu in London. Photo courtesy Christmas Humphreys.

XXI    The Hsi-ch’an Ssu. Photo Tokiwa.     

XXII  Shrine-hall at the Wan-fu Ssu. Photo Tokiwa.

XXIII            Relic pagoda at Ch’i-hsia Shan. Photos Tokiwa and author’s

collection.             

XXIV            Two paintings by Wang I-t’ing. Photo Harvard-Yenching

Library. 

XXV  Diagram of the Lung-ch’uan Ssu orphanage.  

XXVI            The Yu-fo Ssu. Photo European Picture Service.             

XXVII          A Buddhist sutra. Photo Tokiwa.       

XXVIII        The Lung-hua Ssu. Photo Tokiwa.     

XXIXShrine-hall of the Kuang-hsiao Ssu, 1909. Photo Tokiwa

(Ito)        

XXX   Shrine-hall of the Kuang-hsiao Ssu, 1928. Photo Tokiwa.

XXXIThe Mi-yin Ssu. Photo Tokiwa.          

XXXII           Maitreya, Chungking. Photo European Picture Service. .

XXXIII         The World Student Christian Federation. Photo Sophia

Hart Collection, Wellesley College Library.    

XXXIV         Tokiwa Daijo. Photo Tokiwa.              

XXXV           Japanese soldiers, Honan. Photo Acme.           

XXXVI         Westerners at the T’an-che Ssu. Photo Sophia Hart Collec­tion, Wellesley College Library.    

XXXVII       Chao-kung. Photo Prip-M0ller collection.       

XXXVIII     Chao-k ung and his disciples. Photo Jhanananda collection.

XXXIX         The ordination at Ch’i-hsia Shan. Photo Jhanananda col­lection.

XL      Rites-for-the-dead.Photo-European-Picture Service. .   

XLI    Monks. Photo D. Engel.       

XLII  Monks at Pu-to Shan. Photo D. Engel                .              

XLIII            Cheng-lien. Photo authors collection.              

XLIVJohannesPrip-M0ller.PhotoPrip-M0llercollection.       

XLV   Drum tower of the Shao-lin Ssu. Photo Tokiwa.              

XLVIShrine-hall of the Lung-hsing Ssu. Photo Tokiwa.         

XLVII           The Asoka Monastery. Photo Tokiwa.               

XLVIII         Chin Shan, 1870. Photo John Thomson, F.R.G.S.            

XLIXRace course at Happy Valley, Hong Kong. Photo South

China Morning Post.            

L         Lung-wang Tung. Photo Smithsonian Institution, Freer

Gallery of Art, Washington, D.c.        

LI       A hermit's stone hut. Photo Essex Institute, Salem, Massa­chusetts.             

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