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Preface to the fourth edition

A Practical English Grammars intended for intermediate and post-intermediate students. We hope that more advanced learners and teachers will also find it useful.

The book is a comprehensive survey of structures and forms, written in clear modern English and illustrated with numerous examples. Areas of particular difficulty have been given special  attention. Differences between conversational usage and strict grammatical forms are shown but the emphasis is on conversational forms 

In the fourth edition the main changes are as follows:

1. Explanations and examples have been brought up to date.
2. There is now more information on countable and uncountable nouns, attributive and predicative adjectives, adverbs of place, sentence adverbs, cleft sentences, prepositions, conjunctions, modal verbs, perfect tenses, infinitive constructions, the passive, purpose clauses and noun clauses.
3. Some material has been rearranged to make comparisons easier. For example, parts of chapters on can, may, must etc. are now grouped by function: verbs of liking and preference have a chapter to themselves: suggestions and invitations have joined the chapter on commands, requests and advice.
4. The contents list now summarizes every section heading, and there is a new index containing many more entries and

In this edition the sign ‘~’ is frequently used to denote a change of speaker in examples of dialogue. Note also that although the sign ‘= ‘ sometimes connects two words or expressions with the same meaning, it is often used more freely, e.g. to indicate a transformation from active to passive or direct to indirect speech.

We wish to thank all at Oxford University Press who have assisted in the preparation of the fourth edition. We would also like to thank Professor Egawa of Nihon University, Japan, Professor René Dirven of Duisburg University, West Germany and other colleagues for their friendly and helpful suggestions.

London, November 1985                                                                                    A.J.T., A.V.M.

Contents

References are to sections, unless otherwise stated.

1. Articles and one, a little/a few, this, that
2. Nouns
3. Adjectives
4. Adverbs
5. all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none
6. Interrogatives: wh-? words and how?
7. Possessives, personal and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myself etc.
8. Relative pronouns and clauses
9. Prepositions
10. Introduction to verbs
11. be, have, do
12. may and can for permission and possibility
13. can and be able for ability
14. ought, should, must, have to, need for obligation
15. must, have, will and should for deduction and assumption
16. The auxiliaries dare and used
17. The present tenses
18. The past and perfect tenses
19. The future
20. The sequence of tenses
21. The conditional
22. Other uses of will/would, shall/should
23. The infinitive
24. The gerund
25. Infinitive and gerund constructions
26. The participles
27. Commands, requests, invitations, advice, suggestions
28. The subjunctive
29. care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish
30. The passive voice
31. Indirect speech
32. Conjunctions
33. Purpose
34. Clauses of reason, result, concession, comparison, time
35. Noun clauses
36. Numerals, dates, and weights and measures
37. Spelling rules
38. Phrasal verbs
39. List of irregular verbs

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