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The Path of Purification

(VISUDDHIMAGGA)

By BHADANTÀCARIYA BUDDHAGHOSA

Translated from the Pali

By BHIKKHU NÀNAMOLI

Publish by SINGAPOREBUDDHIST MEDITATION CENTRE

No.11 Neo Pee Teck Lane, Singapore 0511

Tel: 65-77833, Fax: 65-7730150

Reprinted and Donated for free distribution by

The corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation

11^th Flooor, 55 Hang Chow S. Rd. Sec 1. Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C

Tel: 886-2-23951198 . Fax” 886-2-23913415

FOREWORD

 VISUDDHI MAGGA “ THE PATH OF PURIFICATION”

This encyclopaedic work on Theravada Buddhism “ the Path of Purification” was written by the Abrahant Bhadhantacariya Buddhaghosa some 1,580 years ago (412 AC). It is considered to be a wholsome compendium of the Buddha’s doctrine covering the strict observance of Sila or morality leading to the Purification of the body, the practise of Samadhi or concentration leading to the Purity of the mind and the development of Panna or wisdom leading to perfect Wisdom.

It is my sencere wish to arrange for the reprinting of this book so that the information could be extended and made available to those who wish to further pursue the path. It is an important part of a Buddhish’s life to “purity the mind” besides” doing good and avoiding evil”as taught by the BUDDHA.

MAY THE BLESSING OF THE TRIPLE GEM BE WITH YOU ALWAYS.

VEN. W. SARADA MAHA THERO

CONTENTS

FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION

TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED

                        PART I. VIRTUE

I.                    Purification of Virtue

CHAPTER I

                        DESCRIPTION OF VIRTUE

I.                    Introduction

II.                 Virtue

(i)                 What is virtue

(ii)               In what sense is it virtue?

(iii)             What are its characteristic, etc.?

(iv)             What are the benefits of virtue?

(v)               How many kinds of virtue are there?

1.      monad..

2.      -8 Dyads..

9        -13 triads

14    -17 Tetrads

Virtue of the fourfold purification

18-19 . Pentads

                  (vi)             what is the defiling of it?

(vi)             what is the cleasing of it?

                                    CHAPTER II

                     DESCRIPTION OF THE ASCETIC PRACTICES

                        PART II. CONCENTRATION

2.                        Purification of consciousness

CHAPTER III

                     DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – TAKING

A.    MEDITATION SUBJECT

Concentration

(i)                 What is concentration?

(ii)               In what sense is it concentration

(iii)             What are its characteristic, etc. ?

(iv)             How many kinds of concentration are there?

                  (v), (vi) what are the defiling and the cleansing of it?

                  (vii)     how is it developed? (note : this heading applies as far as Ch. XI, &110)

1. Development in brief
2. Development in detail (see note above)

The 10 impediments

The good friend

Meditation subjects, etc.

Temperaments

Definition of meditation subjects

Self – dedication

Ways of expounding

                                    CHAPTER IV

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – THE EARTH KASINA

            The 18 faults of a monastery

            The 5 factors of the resting-place

            The lesser impediments

            Detailed instructions for development

            The earth Kasina

            The two kinds of concentration

            Guarding the sign

            The 10 kinds of skill in absorption

            Balancing the effort

            Apperance of absorption in the cognitive series

            The 1^st Jhana

            Extending the sign

            Mastery in five ways

            The 2^nd Jhana

            The 3^rd Jhana

            The 4^th Jhana

            The fivefold reckoning of Jhana

                                    CHAPTER V

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – THE REMAINING KASINAS

                                    CHAPTER VI

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – FOULNESS AS A MEDITATION SUBJECT

                                    CHAPTER VII

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – SIX RECOLLECTIONS

             (1). The recollection of Buddha

                    Dependent original

                     The world

             (2). The recollection of the Dhamma

             (3). The recollection of the Sangha

             (4). The recollection of virtue.

             (5). The recollection of generosity

             (6). The recollection of deities

General

                                    CHAPTER VIII

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – OTHER RECOLLECTIONS AS MEDITATION SUBJECTS

             (7). Mindfulness of death

             (8). Mindfulness occupied with the body

             (9). Mindfulness of breathing

             (10). The Recollection of peace

                                    CHAPTER IX

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – THE ABIDINGS

                                    CHAPTER X

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – THE IMMATERIAL STATES

                                    CHAPTER XI

                  DESCRIPTION OF CONCENTRATION – CONCLUSION

Perception of repulsiveness in nutriments

Definition of the 4 elements

Development of concentration – conclusion

(vii)           What are the benefits of concentration ? (see Ch. III)

                  The benefits of concentration

                                    CHAPTER XII

                  DESCRIPTION OF DIRECT – KNOWLEDGE – THE SUPERNORMAL POWERS

The benefits of concentration

            (1). the kinds of supernormal power

                  (i)   Supernormal power as resolve

                  (ii) Supernormal power as transformation

                  (iii) Supernormal power as the mind-made body

                                    CHAPTER XIII

                  DESCRIPTION OF DIRECT KNOWLEDGE – CONCLUSION

            (2). The divine ear element

            (3). Penetration of minds

            (4). Recollection of past life

                  World contraction by fire, etc, and expansion

            (5). The divine eye – knowledge of passing away and reappearance of beings

General

                                    PART III. UNDERSTANDING

                                    The soil in which understanding grows

                                    CHAPTER XIV

THE SOIL IN WHICH UNDERSTANDING GROWS – DESCRIPTION OF THE AGGREGATES

A.    understanding

(i)                 What is understanding?

(ii)               In what sense is it understanding?

(iii)             What are its characteristic, etc?

(iv)             How many kinds of understanding are there?

(v)               How is it developd? (ends with end of Ch. XXII)

B.     Description of the 5 aggregates

      The materiality aggregate

      The consciousness aggregate

      The feeling aggregate

      The perception aggregate

      The formations aggregate

C.     Classification of aggregates under 11 headings

D.    Classes of knowledge of aggregates

                                    CHAPTER XV

THE SOIL IN WHICH UNDERSTANDING GROWS – DESCRIPTION OF THE BASES AND ELEMENTS

The 12 bases (for contact)

The 18 elements

                                    CHAPTER XVI

THE SOIL IN WHICH UNDERSTANDING GROWS – DESCRIPTION OF THE FACULTIES AND TRUTHS

The 22 faculties

The 4 noble truths

            The noble truth of suffering

            The noble truth of the origin of suffering

            The noble truth of the cessation of suffering

            Discussion of nibbana

            The noble truth of the way leading to the cessation of suffering

            General

                                    CHAPTER XVII

THE SOIL IN WHICH UNDERSTANDING GROWS – CONCLUSION

A.    Dependent origination –definiton of terms

B.     Dependent origination – exposition

I.        Preamble

II.     Bried exposition

III.   Detailed exposition

(1)   Ignorance

(2)   Formations

            The 24 conditions

            How ignorance is a condition for formations

            No single fruit from single cause

(3)   Consciousness

            The 32 kinds of kamma-resultant consciousness

(a)    in the course of an existence

(b)   at the rebirth-linking

how kamma is a condition for consciousness

(4)   Mentality-materiality

(5)   The sixfold base

(6)   Contact

(7)   Feeling

(8)   Craving

(9)   Clinging

(10)           Becoming (being)

(11), (12) Birth, etc.

            C.  The wheel of becoming

                  i.The wheel

                  ii. the three times

                  iii. Cause and fruit

                  iv. Various

3.                        Purification of view

                           CHAPTER XVIII

I.        Introductory

II.     Defining of mentality-materiality

1.Definition of mentality –materiality

                                                              i.      Based on the four primsries

(a)    Starting with mentality

(b)   Starting with materiality

                                                            ii.      Based on the 18 elements

                                                          iii.      Based on the 12 bases

                                                          iv.      Based on the 5 aggregates

                                                            v.      Based on the 4primaries (in brief)

2.if the immaterial (mentality) fails to be discerned

3.Three ways in which the immaterial states become evident

4.there is no living-being apart from mentality-materiality

5.Interdependence of mentality and materiality

Conclusion

4.                        Purification by overcoming doubt

                           CHAPTER XIX

I.            Introduction

II.         Ways of discerning cause and condition

1.    mentality-materiality is neither causeless nor created by a Maker

2.    its occurrence is always due to conditions

3.    general and particular conditions

4.    Dependent cessation

5.    Dependent origination

6.    kamma and kamma-result

conclusion

5.                        Purification by knowledge and vision of what is and

                           What is not Path

                           CHAPTER XX

I.        Introduction

      The fifth purification

      The 3 kinds of full-understanding

II.     Insight

1.Method of comprehension by groups

2.strengthening of comprehension in 40 ways

3.Sharpening the faculties in 9 ways

4.Comprehension of the material

(a)    As Kamma-born

(b)   As consciousness-originated

(c)    As nutriment-originated

(d)   As temperature-originated

5Comprehension of the material

6.the material septad

7.The immaterial septad

8.The 18 principal insights

9.knowledge of rise and fall (I)

the 19 imperfections of insight

Conclusion

6        Purification by knowledge and vision of the way

                                                CHAPTER XXI

I.        Introductory

II.     Insight continued – the 8 knowledge and conformity as 9^th’

(1)   Knowledge of contemplation of rise and fall (II)

(2)    “         “          “          “          of dissolution

(3)   “          “       of appearance as terror (fearful)

(4)   “          “        of contemplation of danger

(5)   “          “          of contemplation of dispassion

(6)   “          “        of desire for deliverance

(7)   “          “        of contemplation of reflexion

   Discerning formations as void

(8)   Knowledge of equanimity about formations

The 3 kinds of liberation

The 7 kinds of noble person

The last 3 kinds of knowledge are one

Insight leading to emergence

The 12 similes

Determination of difference in the noble path’s attributes

(9)   conformity knowledge

7        Purification by knowledge and vision

               CHAPTER XXII

I.        Change-of-lineage knowledge, the 4 kinds of path and fuition knowledge

II.     Various

1.the 37 states partaking of enghlitenment

2.emergence and coupling of the powers

3.State to be abandoned

4.Four functions in a single moment

5.Four functions separately

(a)    The 3 kinds of full-understanding

(b)   The 3 kinds of abandoning

i.                    By suppression

ii.                  By substitution of opposites

               The 18 principal insight

iii.                by cutting off

(c)    the 3 kinds of realizing

(d)   the 2 kinds of developing

conclusion

The venefits of understanding

                           CHAPTER XXIII

Introductory

(v)               WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING

A.    Removal of the various defilements

B.     Fruition attainment

C.     Cessation attainment

D.    Accomplishment of worthiness to receive gifts

CONCLUSION (EPILOGUE)

Index of subjects and proper names

Pali-English glossary of some subjects and technical terms

Table I. The materiality aggregate

Table II. The formation aggregate

Table III. Consciousness aggregate

Table IV. The combination of the formation aggregate and consciouse aggregate

Table V. the cognition series in the occurrence of consciousness as presented in the Visuddhi-Maggha and commmentaries

Table VI. Dependent origination

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