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The Buddha’s Philosophy

Selection from the pãlicanon

And an introductory essay

G. F. ALLEN

(Y.Siri Nyana)

Ruskin house

George Allen And Unwin Ltd

Museum street London

PREFACE

A number of the most ancient available records of the teaching of Gotama the Buddha are found in the books of the Pãli Canon of the Southern school of Buddhism. It is generally accepted that the majority of the earliest Pãli text are as old, if not older, than the Sanskrit works from which many of the Chinese and Tibetan Buddhist scriptures of the Northern School were translated. In this study we go to the Pãli sources. And it is from them that the Buddhist scriptural quotations which are given in our book are made.

Some of the ancient Pãli epithets find no equvalent in any specific English words, when a sentence is required to define them; while occasionally the Indian metaphysical concepts themselves are absent from Western thought. For these reasons it has been deemed advisable to retain in our text a few of the fundamental Pãli terms. Difinitions of these words are included in the Glossary on pages 19 and 20.

Where it is necessary to give Pãli words in the plural number this is done by the addition of the English ‘s’, since in the Pãli language there is more than one plural suffix.

CONTENTS

Foreword

Preface

Glossary

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION BUDDHA AND DHAMMA

Introductory

The Ãryans

The Brãhmans

Brahma –God

Gotama Buddha

Nibbãna, the goal

Anicca , change

Kamma and Rebirth

Dukkha , sorrow

The four truths

The eightfold path

The causal formula

The five khandhas

An-attã, not self

The three characteristics

Buddhist mental culture

Sublime states of mind

Jhãna, contemplation

Satipatthãna, awareness

The muni

Silence

Truth as a refuge

Equanimity

Peace here and now

The Pãli Canon

The Pãli language

Chronology of Pãli literature

The Pristine, Ascetic stage

The Sutta Nipãta

The Buddhist councils

The Monastic, Seetarian stage

The Vinaya Pitaka

The four Ãgamas

The Moralistic, religious stage

The legends

Commentarial literature

Other evidence for Chronology

Table of dates

PART TWO: THE TEACHING: DHAMMA AND DISCIPLINE

The Buddha’s first discourse

The second discourse

The Sutta Nipãta (early portions)

The Buddha’s code of mere morality

The primitive Pãtimokkha

The Pãtimokkha rules (for Monks)

Sikkhãpadas (novices’ abstentions)

The five precepts (for lay Buddhists)

Extract from the Brahmajãla Sutta

The Buddha’s last words

Saddhamma (essential and specific items of Buddhist doctrine)

Appendex A

            Buddha yoga, Buddhist mental culture

            Brahma Vihãras: sublime states of mind

            Satipattthãna: application of mindfulness

            Jhãna: absorption

            Subjects for contemplation

Appendix B The Pãli alphabet

Appendix C Pãli commentarial literature

Appendix D Index of Suttas, etc

Bibliography

Index

List of abbreviations

ILLUSTRATIVE

Plate    Amarãvati Panel

Map I   early Ãryan migrations

Map IIÃryan migration in Bhãratavarsha

Chart A. The philosophical schools of India

Map III. The Ãryan kingdoms and states

Map IV.The middle country

Map V.Distribution of the Indian Buddhist sects

Map VI. The spread of Buddhism beyond India

Chart B. The Pãli canon

Chart C. Chronolgy of the Pãli canon

Chart D. Stages in the development of Buddhism

Chart E. The wheel

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